tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4085694685312968222024-03-13T06:33:51.924-07:00HomeSuresh Lakshmananhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12509393443138066518noreply@blogger.comBlogger13125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-408569468531296822.post-91278644517527468942021-04-03T17:03:00.005-07:002021-04-03T21:46:35.577-07:00Data Architecture<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black;">Data is the glue that holds distributed systems together. Data has it's own lifecycle starting from origination to flow, </span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">transformation, modification and finally deletion. At a high level these are some of the data design considerations</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;">Database Type </span></p><ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Relational, KV-store, Column Family, Document, Graph etc</span></li>
</ul><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;">Indexing and Querying</span></p><ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>LSM, B-Tree, B+-Tree</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>R/W Access patterns</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Range queries</span></li>
</ul><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;">Schema, Metadata, Encoding and Evolution</span></p><ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Versioning</span></li><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Forward and Backward compatibility</span></li></ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Format</span></li><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Avro, Thrift, Protobuf</span></li></ul>
</ul><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;">Transaction</span></p><ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Atomicity</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Isolation level</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Lost update</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Read committed</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Read repeatable (snapshot isolation - <span style="color: #620098;">Readers never block writers and vice versa</span>)</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Prevent lost update (read-modify-update cycle)</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>CSET, Atomic write, Conflict resolution, </span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Phantom (generalisation of lost update)</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Materialising conflict</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Serialisability</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Actual serial execution</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>2 phase locking</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="color: #620098; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Writers don’t just block other writers; they also block readers and vice versa. </span></li>
<li style="color: #1e1802; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Deadlocks</span></li>
<li style="color: #1e1802; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Predicate lock, index range lock</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>SSI (Optimistic concurrency control)</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>all reads within a transaction are made from a consistent snapshot of the database</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Pessimistic concurrency control - 2PL, ASE</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Optimistic concurrency control - MVCC</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Data durability </span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>WAL Logs</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Backup and Restore</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Error handling, RRD, Save points</span></li>
</ul>
</ul><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;">Replication</span></p><ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Master slave</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Read your writes, monotonic read, consistent prefix reads</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Multi master (couchdb)</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Conflict resolution / avoidance</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Leaderless (Dynamo style)</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Quorum, Sloppy quorum, LWW, Concurrent writes, Version vectors</span></li>
</ul>
</ul><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;">Data partitioning</span></p><ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Hotspot</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Partition by Key range, consistent hashing, Compound primary key</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Partition index - Local index (scatter-gather), Global index</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Rebalancing - Fixed, Dynamic</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Request routing </span></li>
</ul><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;">Trouble with Distributed systems</span></p><ul>
<li style="color: #1e1802; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Faults and partial failures</span></li>
<li style="color: #1e1802; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Unreliable networks - synchronous vs asynchronous networks</span></li>
<li style="color: #1e1802; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Unreliable clocks</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="color: #620098; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Don’t rely on the accuracy of the clock</span></li>
<li style="color: #1e1802; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>NTP sync is not accurate</span></li>
<li style="color: #1e1802; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Confidence interval in time - Spanner</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Process pause</span></li>
<li style="color: #1e1802; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Knowledge truth lies</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="color: #1e1802; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Truth is defined by majority</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Fencing tokens is required for distributed lock</span></li>
<li style="color: #1e1802; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Safety and liveness</span></li>
</ul>
</ul><p style="color: #fb006d; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;">Linearisablity</span></p><ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Serializability is an isolation property of transactions</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Linearisablity is a recency guarantee</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>To make a system appear as if there is only a single copy of the data. </span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Single leader replication is potentially linearisable. Multi-leader and leaderless are not linearisable</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>A network interruption forces a choice between linearisability and availability. </span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>CAP - Linearisable / Available when partitioned</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>The reason for dropping linearisability is performance , not fault tolerance.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Most DB are neither CAP-linearisable nor CAP-available </span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>MVCC is intentionally non-linearisable</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Single leader replication (async) is non-linearisable</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Partition makes it non-available</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>ZooKeeper by default is neither CAP-consistent (CP) nor CAP-available (AP) – <span style="color: #620098;">it’s really just “P”. </span></span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>You can optionally make it CP by calling sync if you want, </span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>and for reads (but not for writes) it’s actually AP, if you turn on the right option.<br />
</span></li>
</ul>
</ul><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;">Error handling , Recovery</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Replay logs</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Discover partitions</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Replication catchup</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Restores</span></li></ul><p></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;">Source of truth </span></p><ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Primary DB</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Derived data</span></li><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Caches</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Materialised Views</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">CQRS</span></li></ul>
</ul><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;">Batch processing</span></p><ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Putting the computation near the data</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Mapping and Chaining</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Sort merge joins</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>GroupBy</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Handling Skew</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>MapSide joins</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Broadcast hash joins - joining a large dataset with a small dataset</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Partitioned hash joins - partition and reduce the dataset</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Mapside merge joins - if input is partitioned and sorted appropriately</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="color: #1e1802; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Use cases - Search index, Key Value stores</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>The output of a reduce-side join is partitioned and sorted by the join key, whereas the output of a map-side join is partitioned and sorted in the same way as the large input </span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Input is immutable and no side effects</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>In an environment where tasks are not so often terminated, the design decisions of MapReduce make less sense.</span></li>
<li style="color: #1e1802; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Materialising intermediate state</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Makes fault tolerance easy</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Sometimes they are not needed</span></li>
</ul>
</ul><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;">Streaming processing</span></p><ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Messaging</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Brokers</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Routing: Fanout, load balancing</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Acknowledgement and redelivery</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Message ordering </span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Partitioned logs - Kafka</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Unified log</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Partitioning to scale</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Replayable</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Consumer offsets</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Durability</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Immutable input and idempotent operations</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>CDC - Change Data Capture</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Implemented using log based broker</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Connectors - Debezium etc</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Event sourcing</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="color: #620098; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Immutable events written to event log (this is used in accounting where delta is captured)</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>CQRS - separate forms for read and write and allowing several different read views</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Stream processing</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Produce a new stream, real time dashboard, write it to a end database</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span><span style="color: black;">Has operators - </span><span style="color: #674ea7;">sorting doesn’t make sense</span></span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Uses: CEP, Stream analytics, <span style="color: #674ea7;">Maintaining materialised views</span></span></li>
<li style="color: #1e1802; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Event time vs Processing time</span></li>
<li style="color: #1e1802; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Stream Joins</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="color: #1e1802; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Stream-Stream joins (click through rate)</span></li>
<li style="color: #1e1802; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Stream-Table join (enrichment)</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Similar to map side hash join</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Table can be kept upto date using CDC</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Table-Table join (materialised view maintenance)</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Twitter</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Time dependence of joins</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Slowly changing dimension</span></li></ul></ul></ul></ul><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="color: #7bffea; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(61, 133, 198); color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;">Big Data</span></p><ul><li><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black;">Data Analytics</span></span></li><li><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black;">ETL</span></span></li><li><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black;">Data warehouse </span></span></li></ul><div><br /></div><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;">Data Security</span></p><ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Encryption at Rest</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Data Retention</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Data classification</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>(Customer) Data isolation</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Data Integrity</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Data Availability</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Data anonymisation</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Backup and recovery</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Database Security</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Access Control</span></li></ul><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><div><br /></div>Suresh Lakshmananhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12509393443138066518noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-408569468531296822.post-65547191708782067982021-04-01T19:09:00.008-07:002021-04-01T19:15:36.835-07:00Overall Security<p> </p>
<iframe height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/120gOIMlqOWRK2QXUAwVmrmwmK9XAorHS/preview" width="640"></iframe>Suresh Lakshmananhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12509393443138066518noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-408569468531296822.post-57777374983051149252021-04-01T08:19:00.011-07:002021-04-01T09:13:34.322-07:00Microservices<span style="font-family: verdana;">Micro services though useful come with a lot of baggage. Discretion is needed to decide if they're really needed. Monoliths are not bad. Most likely what is needed is a clean interface separation between various components in the monolith. </span><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">Monoliths can serve for a long period unless you hit issues.</span><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Release velocity is affected because of dependencies between components. This hampers development, testing and deployment time</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Scaling characteristics of different components are different such that they cause unreliable use of the resources of underlying hardware due to differing traffic patterns</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Capacity planning becomes hard</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Performance becomes unpredictable</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Resource exhaustion happens frequently and randomly</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Need to develop and scale the component independently and make it available as a service</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">Micro-services takes a heavy toll on SRE; without the required automation and SRE firepower, it is really hard to maintain sanity of the entire system. With micro services proliferation the problem increases manifold with the web of inter service traffic.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">Micro services needs to be implemented with discretion. Keep in mind the following considerations</span></div><div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;">
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Architecture<span> </span><span> </span></b></p>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">12 factor app</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">https://12factor.net</p>
</td>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Availability</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">How is the service fault tolerant?</p>
</td>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Scalability</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">What’s the horizontal and vertical scalability?</p>
</td>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Statelessness</p>
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Is the service stateless?</p>
</td>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Async</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Can it use Lambda / Async services?</p>
</td>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Security Considerations</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">2FA, HTTPS, Tokens, Encryption, GDPR, Penetration testing, App testing</p>
</td>
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">API</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Contracts, Versioning, Dependency</p>
</td>
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Network</p>
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Proxy</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Sync, Async, Batch </p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Multithreaded, Event based, Coroutine</p>
</td>
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<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Load Handling</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Load balancer</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Circuit breaker</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Throttling</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Replication</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Consistency</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Data</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Transactions across services </p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Partitioning</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Schema, Metadata, Evolution</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Indexing, Querying</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• DB type</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Caching</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Object caching</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Page Caching</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Service Mesh</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Istio</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Shutdown</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Graceful shutdown</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">i18n Considerations</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>SRE</b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Backup / Restore</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• RPO - Recovery Point Object, </p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• RTO - Recovery Time Objective</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Reliability</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• MTTF - Mean time to failure</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• MTTR - Mean time to Recovery</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• MTBF - Meantime between failure</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Uptime</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Fault tolerance</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Performance / SLAs</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• SLO's - Service Level Objectives</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Response time</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Latency</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Throughput</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Uptime</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Release Management</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Change Management</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Config Management</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Zero Downtime upgrade, </p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Rolling deployments, </p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Automated deployments</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Container and Orchestration</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Docker / Docker Swarm or K8S</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Dev / QA environment</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Automated Dev / QA environments</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">CI/CD pipeline</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Code Deploy, Circle CI, Codeship, Jenkins</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Upgrades / (0 Downtime)</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Zero downtime upgrade, Rolling upgrades, Canary rollout</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Deployment</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ansible / Puppet</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">CI/CD pipeline</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Code Deploy, Circle CI, Codeship </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Service Monitoring & Alerting</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Pingdom, Nagios, CloudWatch, Prometheus, DataDog</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Logging</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Logstash, Fluentd</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Cost</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Cost tags, Analytics, Cost structure, Reserved Instances, Projections, Cost Optimisations</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">(Tools like Botmetrics)</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Capacity Planning</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Security</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">IAM Roles, Encryption, HTTPS</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Networking</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Diagram, VPC</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Fleet management</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Tagging, AMI images, Versions, Upgrades, Consolidation, Pruning</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Incident Management and </p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Incident Response</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Outages, Load Management, Latency, Security Incidents</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Process Management</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Process group, Process monitoring </p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">OnCall</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Pager Duty, VictorOps</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Versioning and Packaging</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Dev Process</b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Git Flow</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Branching and Development process</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">API Docs</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Swagger</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Sentry</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Error monitoring</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Metrics</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Concurrency, System metrics, Engineering Metrics</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Testing</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Automation, </p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• API testing, </p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Integration, Load, </p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Unit testing, </p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Deployment testing, </p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Checklist,</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">• Regression</p>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>General</b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Language Version</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Eg: Python 3.x/ Java 7</p>
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Framework Version</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Eg: Django Version</p>
</td>
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Library Version</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Eg: PyMongo Version</p>
</td>
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Licenses</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Apache, MIT, GPL</p>
</td>
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<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>Others</b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><br /></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Metrics</p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; padding: 1.0px 5.0px 1.0px 5.0px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Deployment Frequency</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">% of failed Deployments</p>
<p style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Time from Checkin to Deployment</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><br /></div></div></div>Suresh Lakshmananhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12509393443138066518noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-408569468531296822.post-34058727834137222972021-03-30T07:26:00.018-07:002021-03-30T21:19:29.065-07:00Structured Interview Questions<p><span style="font-family: verdana;">There is no particular order to these structured questions. Use them to suit your hiring needs. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">As discussed in </span><a href="https://www.sureshl.com/2021/03/hiring.html" style="font-family: verdana;">Hiring</a><span style="font-family: verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"> keep in mind</span></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">The reason you're asking this question - </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">what are you trying to get out of this question?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">What does a good answer and great answer look like?</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Good follow up questions</span></li></ul><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">General</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">“If you look at what you’ve done, would you put yourself in the camp of people who say they’ve been lucky in their career?”</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What did you learn from your mom?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tell me about the best class you have ever taken. What was the class? Why was it good?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Other than money, what rewards, benefits, or work situations are most important for you?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Can you provide an instance when your ethics was tested? What was your dilemma? What decision did you take?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Some people consider themselves to be "big picture people" and others are detail oriented. Which are you? Give an example that illustrates your preference</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Describe a typical day in your most recent job.</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Most of us have more than one reason for leaving a job. What are some of yours, from past or present experience?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tell me about a time when you had to practice professional confidentiality. What was the situation? What did you do? What was the outcome?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Describe your ideal job. Discuss the amount and type of supervision you prefer, contact and kinds of relationships with co-workers, job tasks, and freedom to work or to make decisions.</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What is the role you are looking for ? How does this align with your aspirations?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What else besides your education and job experience qualifies you for this job</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What do you think was your major role in the last company?</span></li></ul></div><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Motivation and Recognition</span></b></div>
<ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Give me some examples of the different ways in which you have demonstrated recognition of individual/team success?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How do you know if someone is not motivated?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Can you give me some examples of how you have motivated your team?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What incentives have you provided for your team?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you personally motivate yourself? </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">What gets you enthused?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Describe when you worked the hardest and felt the greatest sense of achievement</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What motivates you?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How will you find if a guy is not motivated?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How will you deal with person not performing properly?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How do you motivate your team? Give examples of when you did that, how did you go about and what happened as a result</span></li>
</ul>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px; min-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b></b><br /></span></p>
<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Energy, Enthusiasm and Curiosity</span></b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you energise yourself to do things which don’t particularly interest you?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What do you know about this company and what do you think about it? Based on what you know from outside, where do you think the company should be going?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Do you have any questions about our business?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What additional activities do you currently undertake that give an indication of your enthusiasm for your job?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What examples can you give of your enthusiasm for what you do?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What have you identified as being the three major areas of focus if you were appointed to this position?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Give an example of a situation where you have gone above and beyond the call of duty when carrying out a specific task or project?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Tell me about a time when an emergency caused you to reschedule your workload or to work outside normal hours</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What are the questions they ask?</span></li><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">"What is the most technically challenging software problem your company is facing right now?"</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">"What would you expect me to accomplish in my first 90 days?"</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">"How will my performance be evaluated?"</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">"How do your best employees grow within the organisation?"</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">"What is your company's short-term / long-term business strategy? What is your competitive advantage?"</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">"What do you (the manager) love most about your job?"</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">"What are your company's biggest weaknesses? How do you intend to improve on them?"</span></li></ul>
</ul>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><br /></p>
<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Initiative, Creativity, and Innovation</span></b></div>
<ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Give me some examples of where you have ‘led the field’ in your current role</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What have you done previously which could be described as particularly innovative</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What methods do you use to source new ideas – where does your inspiration come from?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Name a time when your creativity or alternative thinking solved a problem in your workplace.</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Give me an example of when you thought outside of the box. How did it help your employer?</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(61, 133, 198);"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Leadership</span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">“Describe your responsibilities as a leader.”</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What is your proudest achievement ?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Give an example of when you took a risk to achieve a goal. What was the outcome?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Under what circumstances might you seek a co-worker or peer for advice or suggestions? Provide examples of time you did that in the past.</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How will you improve relationship with customers, peers or team in another geography</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What are the conflicts you've had with your peers, reportees and senior management. Why did you have them? How did you resolved them?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tell me about a time you had difficulty working with someone (can be a coworker, client). What made this person difficult to work with for you? (Follow-ups: What steps did you take to resolve the problem? What was the outcome? What could you have done differently?)</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">What are some long-range objectives that you developed in your last job? </span></span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Share an example of when you established and accomplished a goal that was personally challenging. What helped you succeed?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Share an experience when you applied new technology or information in your job. How did it help your company?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Describe a time when you successfully persuaded another person to change his/her way of thinking or behaviour.</span></li><ul></ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Describe a time when you took personal accountability for a conflict and initiated contact with the individual(s) involved to explain your actions.</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How would you describe your leadership style?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What is leadership according to you?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">If you had the authority or power, what one thing would you change about your current/last position?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What’s your philosophy on leadership?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What makes for an effective leader?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Name a time when your advice to management led to an improvement in your company or otherwise helped your employer.</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Provide an example of a time when you successfully organised a diverse group of people to accomplish a task.</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Everyone has made some poor decisions or has done something that just did not turn out right. Give an example of when this has happened to you</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">“Tell me about a project that you led that failed. Why did it fail and what did you learn?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">If you were offered this position and you accepted, what one or two major contributions do you think you would make, in the short term (in the first few weeks) and in the long term (after a year or so)?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Describe your responsibilities as a leader. Where do you focus the most? Why?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What are the two important things that you contributed to the team. What was the outcome? Explain how it all happened?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Were there any occasion you pushed back on upper management or reset expectations?</span></li><ul></ul></ul></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Business Acumen</span></b></div><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How have you succeeded in increasing revenue?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What other opportunities exist for growth or improvement</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Describe how your job relates to the overall goals of your department and organisation</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How have you grasped the specific opportunities offered by your location?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What do you see as being the major areas for growth?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What marketing methods do you feel are the most effective and appropriate?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What are the important levers of your business? How do you contribute to it?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What would you have done differently at your last company if you had been CEO?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Give a problem the company actually faces and the current thinking on that problem</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Management</span></b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How would you describe your management style?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What are your areas of improvement as a manager?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What qualities do you think are essential in a successful manager?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What is the most difficult people management issue that you've dealt with?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What did you do on your very best day at work?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What does office politics mean to you, and how do you see and handle politics?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How has your style changed over the years?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How does your boss’s management style compare with your own?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Compare the styles of different people to whom you have reported?</span></li></ul><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Team, People, Culture</span></b></div>
<ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">In your experience, what is the key to developing a good team?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you get your staff working together as a team?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How do you figure out if someone is a team player? (company, team, self -- in that order)</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How has this changed in different work environments?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How would members of your team/colleagues describe you?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Tell me about the way you have changed the behaviours and attitudes of your team?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How has your boss got the best out of you and your colleagues?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How have you demonstrated your ability to influence and persuade?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Give me an example of the sort of contribution you make at meetings.</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How do you enlist the support and co-operation of your colleagues?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How do your colleagues see you as a member of the team?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How would you describe your team style?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Describe the most difficult/stressful problem you have encountered with a colleague and how you resolve that problem?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tell me about an instance where you have sought the advice of others to help you reach a difficult decision?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Describe a situation in which you helped a person set a goal and then supported the person to achieve that goal. What was the goal and how did you help?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What are the essence of good cultural elements?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How do you improve and measure productivity of team ?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What is the most difficult people you've dealt with?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What are the important/toughest people management issue you have faced ?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Do you remember the guy in the middle of your stack rank. What are the conversations you have had with him? What are the challenges that you and he faced?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Have you laid off people? What process do you follow?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How will you hire people? What qualities do you look for?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tell me about a time your behaviour had a positive impact on your team. (Follow-ups: What was your primary goal and why? How did your teammates respond? Moving forward, what’s your plan?)</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Tell me about a time when you effectively managed your team to achieve a goal. What did your approach look like? (Follow-ups: What were your targets and how did you meet them as an individual and as a team? How did you adapt your leadership approach to different individuals? What was the key takeaway from this specific situation?)</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">“Describe a few of your peers at your company and what type of relationship you have with each of them.”</span></li><ul></ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Instances you've changed the direction of team, the reason and the result of that intervention</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tell about a time when you built rapport quickly with someone under difficult conditions.</span></li></ul><div><br /></div><div><div><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Analytical ability, Problem Solving, Innovation and Creativity</span></b></div><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What are the top 3 problems you have solved in the last year?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Tell me about an instance where you have had to analyse information and then act on your findings</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Describe a difficult problem you’ve had to deal with</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Can you give examples of how you identified a small problem and solved it before it got out of hand</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What would you do if you had a decision to make, for which no procedure exists?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Can you offer any examples of situations which have required you to find a creative or imaginative solution to a problem?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How could you be more creative in your present role?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tell me about the last time you monitored or reviewed information and detected a problem. How did you respond?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Provide a time when you were able to identify a complex problem, evaluate the options, and implement a solution. How did the solution benefit your employer?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Instance of two innovative ideas that had a great impact</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Describe a project or situation that best demonstrates your analytical abilities.</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Share an experience in which your attention to detail and thoroughness had an impact on your last company.</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Name a time when you identified strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions to problems. What was the impact?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Give examples of patterns you were able to recognise and help your team avoid them.</span></li></ul><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px; min-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b></b><br /></span></p><div><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Self Awareness, Learning</span></b></div><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Describe the last thing you did for self-improvement?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Have you thought about where you want to be in two, three, five years?’</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What are your failures and learning from them?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Consider the five main elements of your current job and rank them in order of: Importance, Interest, Time, Personal competence</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What are your strengths and areas of improvement?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What do you consider as your core competency?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>You will have read the job description, how long do you think it will take you to become competent in this new role?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>In what ways do you encourage feedback on your performance?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Give me some examples of your willingness to accept feedback for self improvement</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Describe a situation where your work or one of your ideas was criticised?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Have you done the best work you are capable of doing?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Tell me about something you are not very proud of</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What sort of coaching would you expect from your manager? and what coaching do you do for your team?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What aspect of your style of performance is your manager likely to have to spend time on developing or improving?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What have others been able to learn from you?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you set an example to colleagues and subordinates?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How would your staff/colleagues describe your personality?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What activity, in your working life, gives you the greatest kick?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What drives you mad?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What would you like to be remembered for?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How has your management style changed over the years?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What is your team role style?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What is your learning style?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Describe any classes, experiences, or training you have received that prepare you for this job.</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How have you changed in the last few years?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What do you expect to be doing in 2 years and 5 years?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How have you kept up on relevant resources and information about a topic of interest to you?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What is the next thing you want to learn how to do, or how to do better? What is your plan for accomplishing this?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">If you were to look into the mirror (introspect) what would you change with yourself?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What’s the last thing you’ve read or learnt?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How would describe yourself with “three adjectives”?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">If I were to contact your reportee, what will be his feedback about you? </span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>If I were to contact your manager, what will be his feedback?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Why should we select you?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What one or two words would most of all of your previous supervisors use to describe you?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What is one thing that you like and one thing that you dislike about your engineering culture? What would you change?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What part(s) of you last/present position did you like least? What did you do to try to overcome the situation? What would you think if you know in advance that this situation would be present in your new job?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What are the reasons for rejecting you?</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Mentoring</span></b></div>
<ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">“Can you tell me about four people whose careers you have fundamentally improved?”</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>There is a lot of talk about ‘empowering’ people. What does this mean to you?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Tell me about your successes in preparing people for promotion?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Give me some examples of the sort of responsibilities and accountabilities which you have delegated</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you monitor and control the work of your team?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>If you have to identify a person’s suitability for promotion, what factors do you consider?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>In what ways has your current job prepared you to take on greater responsibility?</span></li>
</ul>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px; min-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b></b><br /></span></p>
<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Resilience</span></b></div>
<ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Tell me how you have reacted to setback or disappointment which you have encountered</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Talk me through a performance management situation you have had to deal with</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What sort of things do you worry about?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you make your opinions known when you disagree with your manager or a colleague?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Tell me about a crisis situation which really challenged you – what did you do?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Describe the most complex disciplinary situation you have had to deal with</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What do you do when you have a great deal of work to accomplish in a short time span – how do you react?</span></li>
</ul>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px; min-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b></b><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px; min-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Engineering and Release</b></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px; min-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How confident will you be with the release and based on what criterion?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What is the SDLC model you follow?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What is the complete engineering process?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Who are your stakeholders?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you manage 2 week releases and 2 month releases?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Say you have 20 people and a project that runs for an year. How will you manage it?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What is your release cycle?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Have you pushed back on any release based on Quality?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What are the metrics you depend on?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Were there any occasions you have pushed back on Product management?</span></li></ul><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Communication</span></b></div>
<ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Why is effective communication important?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What methods do you currently use to ensure that your team know what’s going on?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What are the barriers to good communication?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How will you handle communication with a dispersed team?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How frequently do you believe you should meetings?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>In what way do you encourage people to express their views?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you make your goals and targets clear?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Describe how effective you are at listening?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Describe a situation where you felt you had not communicated well. How did you correct the situation</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></li></ul>
<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Organisational and Planning Ability</span></b></div>
<ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you organise yourself and plan your day</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>In determining priorities, what factors do you take into consideration?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Talk me through the planning of a particularly complex activity you have undertaken recently</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you react to interruptions and distractions –when you are up against a deadline?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>when you are working on something complicated?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>during the normal course of work?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you cope under pressure and avoid stress?</span></li>
</ul>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px; min-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b></b><br /></span></p>
<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Project Management</span></b></div>
<ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>When starting a new project, what are the first things you do?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you maintain an overview of a particular project?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>If one of your suppliers fails to meet a deadline, how do you deal with the situation?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What are the important things to monitor during any large project?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you go about establishing realistic targets and completion dates?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What do you do if you have two conflicting priorities?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you measure results?</span></li>
</ul>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px; min-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b></b><br /></span></p><div><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Presentation Skills</span></b></div><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px; min-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What was the last presentation you gave? Or what was the last memo you wrote?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Share an experience in which you presented to a group. What was the situation and how did it go?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What sort of presentations have you undertaken in the past?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How have you prepared for these?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What visual aid do you feel give the best support in a presentation to a group of 25 people?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What is the largest number of people you have had to present to?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you feel prior to a formal presentation?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What type of presentation makes you the most nervous?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you overcome your pre-presentation nerves?</span></li></ul><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Standards and Professionalism</span></b></div>
<ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Tell me about your ‘obsessions’</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What methods do you use to maintain the highest possible standards?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span> Talk me through a typical day – what is important to you?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What to you get on your ‘high horse’ about?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What do you believe is critical to the success of your work?</span></li>
</ul>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px; min-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b></b><br /></span></p>
<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Costs and Budgets</span></b></div>
<ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What is the most challenging part of budgeting for you?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What techniques do you use to keep costs under control?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you save money?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Describe your experiences in setting budgets?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How do you monitor and control your budgets?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What cost optimisations have you done?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">But is the biggest source of leak ?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What are some of the low hanging fruits you have fixed? How about the tough ones?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Tell me about the last contract or cost estimate you approved. How about the one you rejected? Why?</span></li></ul>
<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Role models</span></b></div>
<ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Who, during your career, have been your mentors and how?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What aspects of your former bosses’ management style have you adopted?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What sort of things has your manager done that you disliked?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What sort of things have you learned from your colleagues?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What do you hope your new manager will provide to benefit your personal development?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How frequently would you want involvement from your manager?</span></li>
</ul>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px; min-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b></b><br /></span></p><div><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Customer Care</span></b></div><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How would you define your customers?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What do you do to ensure you always exceed your customers’ expectations?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Who do you believe are you a customer of?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What do you think is outstanding customer service?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How would you describe the quality of service you receive from them?</span></li></ul><div><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Aspirations / Personal Development</span></b></div>
<ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What are the reasons for your success in your current job?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What is the ‘extra special’ quality that you will bring to this role?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Ideally, how would you now like to see you career develop?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How realistic is this ambition?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What do you feel this job will do to enhance your career and personal development?</span></li>
</ul>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px; min-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b></b><br /></span></p>
<div style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Personal, Interests</span></b></div>
<ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Tell me how you spend your spare time?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Why do enjoy these activities?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What other activities would you pursue if you had more time/money?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What is your dream situation?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How do you balance work / life?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">How do you handle stress?</span></li></ul>Suresh Lakshmananhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12509393443138066518noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-408569468531296822.post-83395029233846743962021-03-30T06:37:00.004-07:002021-03-30T19:12:48.470-07:00Referral Questions<p></p>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b>Blindspots</b></span></div><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What was the biggest mistake he made in the role? How did he survive after that?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Weakness - </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Where do you think he is more likely to fail? Why?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Why should I not hire him? / Why should I hire him?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">If I were to hire him and six months from now you heard he was fired without other context, what would be your best guess as to to the reason?</span></li></ul><div><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b>Conflicts</b></span></div><div><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Is there anyone he didn’t see eye-to-eye with? Why?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Are there instances when he didn't agree to the top management. Why?</span></li></ul><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><div><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><b>Excellence & </b></span><span style="caret-color: rgb(11, 83, 148); color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b>Resilience</b></span></div><ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Strengths - </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Where do you think he is more likely to succeed and excel? Why?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Where would he fit in the percentiles of the best folks you've worked with. Why?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Would you hire him again? </span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>If so, would you rehire him without hesitation? </span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Create a role for him if you didn’t have one? </span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Only hire him in the right role?</span></li></ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How would you change the role we’re considering him for to best suit his abilities?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Did he have setbacks? What are they? How did he handle them?</span></li></ul><div><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b>Impact</b></span></div><ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How hungry is he for results, for example, what is the craziest thing you’ve ever seen him do to achieve a goal?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Examples where he made a huge impact to business</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Examples where he changed the course of business with his ideas and execution</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Examples of stiff architectural problems he solved</span></li></ul><div><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b>Leadership</b></span></div><ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>If i were to ask his manager, reportee, peer - what would they say? Good vs Bad</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Reference to couple of folks he mentored. How are they doing? What did they learn from him?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Examples where he showed great leadership. What was the situation? and how did he act?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What was his leadership philosophy</span></li>
</ul><div><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b>Others</b></span></div><div><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What are his passions in and out of work?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Did you notice any area where he learnt and improved dramatically?</span></li></ul></div>Suresh Lakshmananhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12509393443138066518noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-408569468531296822.post-31497858562218012962021-03-29T18:59:00.011-07:002021-04-01T19:07:44.214-07:00Medicine<p></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">[At the outset, i'll clarify that i have the utmost respect for the doctors and the profession in general. They are in the profession of health, life, survival, healing and more importantly - alleviating suffering. What can be more important to humanity than this? ]</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Medicine is a wide area. There are areas where cause and effect is easily discernible. If there is a fractured arm - we know what to do. There are many aspects of the body that are mechanical and electrical in nature and hence greatly helped by advances in technology - say the hearing aid or progressive lenses or prosthetic limbs</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">It is important to remember that medicine is in the business of survival, NOT TRUTH. Because seeking <a href="https://www.sureshl.com/2021/03/on-reality-and-truth.html">truth</a> means understanding 'Life' and the very hard problem of 'Consciousness'. Only the sages have those answers because of their direct experience. Most of the medical science eschews this problems (in)conveniently and look only at the effect to make inferences.</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">There are many areas in our body that directly falls under the ambit of 'Complex systems'. Our BS detector should vibrate vigorously when someone makes sweeping statements in those areas. </span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Having said about <a href="https://www.sureshl.com/2021/03/on-complexity.html" target="_blank">complex systems</a> earlier, the puritanical (or sensible) approach to our body and health would be</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Use prevention</span>: In medicine, stopping someone from smoking has fewer adverse effects than giving pills and treatments. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Approach via Negativa</span>:</span></li></ul><p></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> <span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Why? Addition to complex system is intervention. You do not intervene a complex system because you will not know the results. Avoidance is simply not messing with the existing system and a more robust way of handling your health</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> <span> </span></span>The Hippocratic oath says, 'First, do no harm' and do we know for sure?</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><ul><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Instead of disease, look at health and work on that</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Instead of diet, look at fasting</span></li></ul></ul><p></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Look for Lindy</span>: Check on the habits people who survive long. They must be doing something correct</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Be Anti Fragile:</span> Develop equanimity and strength of mind that will help you deal with tail events that you’ll anyway be exposed to in life. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Avoid harm and ruin from tail events:</span> for the patient this means, to avoid treatment when he or she is mildly ill, but use medicine for the “tail events,” that is, for rarely encountered severe conditions. </span></li></ul><p></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> <span> </span></span>(The problem is that the mildly ill represent a much larger pool of people than the severely ill—and are people who are expected to live longer and consume drugs for longer. Pharma has incentives to target the large pool. I'll touch upon Bad Pharma in a bit)</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b>Conflating medical advances in simple areas to that of complex areas</b></span></div>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Commonly used refrains are: 'Look at the advances made in the last 20 years. At this rate we can produce consciousness.'</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">We will become increasingly adept at replacing body parts and will make tremendous progress in various other areas of the body. But, it's a mistake to extrapolate this to the complex areas of the body. There this statement is self-delusional. We will still make new theories, reject old theories, bring back a old theory. It will be a fertile area of wallowing in BS and self congratulation. If you have any doubts about it, check nutritional claims</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">So to all the complex areas of the body ... apply the BS Detector ruthlessly however rosy a picture one may paint. Even when it seems to work, it is just randmomness at play and you can be ruined by unforeseen event. What is needed is anti-fragility, not some deceptive smart solution in randomness</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This is where one has to be careful. We can use very simple theories - they NEED NOT BE THE TRUTH, as long as it achieves the purpose (survival, healing, reducing pain). That's why we needn't look for truth in medicine because one can't do that in complex areas. What is important are the outcomes. And that puts us directly in the area of Statistics and Probability</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b>Allopathic and Western Medical science in general</b></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Treats the symptoms not the cause. In most of the cases, cure comes from our body's own self healing mechanism. The healer is inside. The external intervention is just to quieten the mind and body to the discomfort and let nature take its course</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Uses a reductionist approach. As long as there is not a holistic approach for a system like our body, we will wallow in BS. It will be an endless game of finding new chemicals, correlation and new theories. Why? Because we are Complex systems ... we are sampling various marker signals in a complex system to try to effect a cure ... that is BS</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Causality is a bitch and direction of causation even more so</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Have Side effects. Why? If you intervene a complex system you don't understand, you will mess with things</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Long term usage is unknown. This is dangerous ...because the statistics which is the cornerstone on which efficacy is predicted, becomes useless if you look at a longer horizon because of the confidence intervals.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Higher order effects - this is because of the myopic view and simply the lack of unifying thesis of the body</span></li></ul><p></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> <span> </span></span>As if all of the above things are not enough we have three big </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">villains</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Bad Pharma</span></span></li></ul><p></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pharmas have wrong incentives and hence their ethics can become questionable</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The science behind them is shaky - make chemicals, test, prove efficacy. This kind of intervention in a complex system is the equivalent of spray and pray.</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Pharmas can be bad actors. It's an important thing to remember and something we can't do anything unless we change their incentives</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Bad Doctor</span></span></li></ul><p></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Another Bad actor. For all the respect i have for the doctors and the profession, many are aligned on the wrong incentives. So the interventions they suggest can also be wrong</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Bad Science</span></span></li></ul><p></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Use of statistics and probability to make random inferences. This combined with the ethics and incentives can become an intractable problem to solve.</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Establishing causation is at the heart of it. As we have seen causation is a bitch in complex areas</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The only reasonable way we can get confidence in an intervention is to do a randomised control trial (RCT). If you are convinced that this is infallible, ask yourself why Fat was implicated as a culprit for more than a century? </span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> <span> </span></span>It's a combination of Bad Actors (Sugar industry), Bad science and Bad Doctors </span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b>Randomised Control Trials - RCT</b></span></div><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Why RCT - our best bet, can be derailed in different ways, </span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><br /></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Selecting control group</span></li></ul><p></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>When you don't know causality. On what basis will you select? </span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>You can only hope whatever that is 'causal' is available randomly and equally in the control group as well as the test group. </span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>There is an element of chance involved here</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Let's say that the actual truth about immune response to any medication is actually governed by the enterotype of the biome in the gut. If by chance we get a skewed distribution in the control group and test group, we are looking at bias</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Random assignment helps reduce the chances of systematic differences between the groups at the start of an experiment and, thereby, mitigates the threats of confounding variables and alternative explanations. <br />
</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>This is the best that we can do here. </span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Heisenberg effect - Complex system can behave in a different way when observed. </span></li></ul><p></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Our body is not an automaton with fixed states, triggers and transitions. Mind is a big variable. Double blind tests are designed to mitigate this</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Duration: </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">This is an intractable problem. Doing a long term statistical study on a considerable population worthy of statistical analysis is virtually impossible. Even if you are ok with the costs, the environment control, the real world connection and simply handling the habits of the population over an extended period means we will have to deal with larger confidence intervals and errors in estimates.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Unknown independent variable causes bias in the model - can't do anything here. Hope for the best</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Model fitting in the higher dimension - can become the game of connecting the dots and finding patterns in randomness when none exist</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Higher order effects and feedback in the system can cause the system to behave in unpredictable ways - can't do anything here</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Causality direction - this is super difficult to establish. </span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Controlling variables in a complex systems means the absence of some of the stressors that work in a complex system. These can lead to unwanted effects that can affect the outcome</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Random inference: With all the above difficulties we have to have good interpretation and inference and be able to deal with a larger margin for error.</span></li></ul>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>So the upshot of all of this is the equivalent of someone saying, 'Well, i don't know how the system works. But i will intervene it in many different ways, simplify it at will to reduce complexity and interpret the results and feel good about it'. </span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>If someone says this even to an external inanimate system - say investing money in a financial system - we'll be petrified ... but we don't blink twice about doing this to our body. </span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b>Finally</b></span></div><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">I'm not saying i have all the answers. As outlined, i can only take the puritanical approach and try to avoid harm. What i do expect from medicine though is a high dose of humility to understand and accept that we have no clue of the system. We have to respect nature and the innate intelligence of the body to heal itself. </span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Have kindness, compassion, and ethics to the highest level and work with a service mindset.</span></p>Suresh Lakshmananhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12509393443138066518noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-408569468531296822.post-39512241842952562982021-03-28T20:46:00.021-07:002021-03-30T20:31:47.446-07:00Managing Cost<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">[<a href="https://d1.awsstatic.com/whitepapers/architecture/AWS">Cost Optimisation Pillar</a><span> from AWS offers a fantastic introduction to managing costs on AWS]</span><span> </span></span></p>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b>Cost Optimisation</b></span></div>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">While evaluating costs for your solution, use this checklist</span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Managed Service vs Self hosted solution: By selecting the appropriate building blocks and managed services, you can reduce or remove much of your administrative and operational overhead, lower operating costs and free you to work on applications and business activities.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Licensing Costs</span></li><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">User based vs Bullk</span></li></ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Pay per usage vs Standard costs. </span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Networking costs</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Data Transfer (within and across DC)</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Elastic IP</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>API calls</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">HTTP vs HTTPS</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Storage costs</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>How much data are you going to store or generate?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What is the retention period?</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Backup and Restore</span></li>
<ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Hot / Cold data structuring.</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Replication</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">IOPS</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Caching</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Snapshotting</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Choose the right Instance Type</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Memory,</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>IOPS,</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>CPU,</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Disk instances are available to choose from.</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Capacity Planning: Right capacity planning avoids wasting costs.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Choose right instance type - Spot, OnDemand Reserved, EC2 Fleet</span></li></ul><div><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;">Tracking Costs</span></b></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Cost optimisation is an ongoing effort. Tracking costs helps tune the cost model, figure out optimisation areas, understand total cost of ownership and recommend pricing options for Business</span></div>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Choose right instance type - Spot, OnDemand Reserved, EC2 Fleet</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Consistently tag all the resources used.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Setup alerts to detect daily and monthly breach and act with alacrity</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Use Costs Explorer to understand the costs split across services, instance types, business tags.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Tracking monthly costing trend month helps to project future costs, understand basic changes in operating structure</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Include stakeholders and plan cost reduction by working on cost</span></li>
</ul><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div></div><div><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;">Further Cost Optimisation</span></b></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">After your solution is deployed and tracked, consider further optimisations. </span></p>
<ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Prepare Cost model for the Service </span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Expected use in terms of CPU / Memory / Disk</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Track Expected vs Actual and modify cost model based on observation - understand how cost varies</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Cost model should help identify what parameter varies the cost. e.g,</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Cost / No: of users, </span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Cost / No: of documents,</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Cost / 1GB of storage iv. Cost / 1M API calls</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Tools</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Tools like Botmetrics can recommend right instance type based on usage</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Some providers bid for instances and pass on the savings as well</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Automation</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>AWS instance scheduling - shutdown and bring up instances automatically based on time</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Dev / QA clusters can be set up and torn down on demand. Reduce the need for long running clusters</span></li>
</ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Architecture</span></li>
<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Use Autoscaling design where possible</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Serverless - Lambdas</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Docker / K8S - Goal: Max resource utilisation, Datacenter as OS</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Other architectural changes </span></li>
</ul>
</ul><div><br /></div></div><div><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;">Finally,</span></b></div><div><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">all the areas should be working together in a continuous cycle. What items you pick in each stage depends on your particular situation. </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Feel free to move items to different stages - the goal is to get into a groove on cost cycle.</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b></b><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: verdana;">Cost Awareness -> Cost Optimisation -> Deploy -> Track Cost -> Further Cost Optimisation -> More Cost Awareness </span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b></b><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This cycle deepens when done consistently over a period of time. You will gain deeper understanding of the cost implications and a systematic way of handling costs</span></p></div><h4><div></div></h4>Suresh Lakshmananhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12509393443138066518noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-408569468531296822.post-58847031291936761132021-03-27T05:34:00.009-07:002021-03-27T05:43:33.196-07:00Product Requirement Document<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(11, 83, 148); font-weight: normal;">A simple PRD template</span></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;">What is it?</span></b></h4>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><< Your one sentence pitch on what this release is >></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This is ________ that solves/helps ________ by improving _____ by _____%.</span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;">
<tbody>
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">What is the customer problem?</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Why are we solving this problem?</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">How did we validate this problem exists?</span></b></p>
</td>
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What customer problem are we solving? (your explanation needs to be as clear as mid day sun)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Why are we solving this problem? (talk about why is this important to be solving now?)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Does data show there's a problem?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Did customers come back and ask (if yes, mention the customer name with quotes)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p style="font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p style="font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;">Solution</span></b></p>
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">What's in scope?</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">What's not in scope?</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">What are the assumptions?</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Are we building the right 'solution'?</span></b></p>
</td>
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Mention the scope of the proposed solution</span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Clarify if we would be building in stages</span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Clearly mention what this isn't so that stakeholders don't make wrong assumptions</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Outline the BIG assumptions we made in coming up with the solution</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• How did we validate our solution?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Include any links to customer conversation </span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">(ex. Provide a quote from a customer </span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">that describes how they experienced the benefit., </span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">user research etc.)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;">What does success look like?</span></h4>
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<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Metric</span></b></p>
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Current Metric (before release - dd/mm/yy)</span></b></p>
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Target Metric (after release + x days/months)</span></b></p>
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<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Qualitative aspects</span></b></p>
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<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">List of metrics you will be measuring</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• P999 Response time < 1s</span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Conversions</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What is the current value of these metrics?</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">What are we aiming for?</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">1. Customer Happiness</span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">2."Your app is loading fast"</span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">3. "I love this new feature, makes my life easy" etc.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></h4><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;">Release date & Launch plan</span></h4>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Release plan (beta-release)</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Release plan (full-release)</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Customer Success Education Plan</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Sales Education Plan</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">PR plan</span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Date of Release </span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• List of accounts</span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Customer Education plan</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Email on <date></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• In-app tour on login</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Blog on <date></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Date of Release </span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">•</span> <span style="font-family: verdana;">List of accounts</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Customer Education plan</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Email on <date></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• In-app tour on login</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Blog on <date></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Date of Education <date></span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Links to training material</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Date of Education <date></span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Links to training material</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Date of Education <date></span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Link to Press Release</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;">User Stories</span></h4>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">#</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Title</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">User Story</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Importance</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Notes</span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Short identifier for the story</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Describe the user and what they are trying to achieve</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Must Have</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">• Additional considerations or noteworthy references (links, issues)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;">User interaction and design</span></h4>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><i><span style="font-family: verdana;">Include any mockups, diagrams or visual designs relating to these requirements.</span></i></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p style="font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><p style="font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;">Learnings & Action Plan</span></b></p>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">What went well? </span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">What didn't go well?</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Learnings</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;">Action Plan</span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Metrics - did we hit our targets?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Customer Feedback</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Metrics - why did we not hit our targets?</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Customer Feedback</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Unique insights we gathered</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-color: #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a #9a9a9a; border-style: solid; border-width: 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px 1.0px; border: 1px solid rgb(154, 154, 154); padding: 1px 5px;" valign="top">
<p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Next steps - ideally the Product Requirements doc for next version</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 2px;"><b><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></b></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;">FAQs</span></b></h4><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Below is a list of questions customer might ask and our answers:</span></p><br />Suresh Lakshmananhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12509393443138066518noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-408569468531296822.post-58503551218380408082021-03-26T18:42:00.003-07:002021-03-26T18:42:40.354-07:00Latency<p> </p>
<iframe height="480" src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/19QPg9h5NRbEY2ANZeL8ySeGukrh2-mrN/preview" width="640"></iframe>Suresh Lakshmananhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12509393443138066518noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-408569468531296822.post-16287943678024090292021-03-25T18:33:00.028-07:002021-03-30T20:54:21.432-07:00Hiring<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b>Goal of Hiring</b></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div>The ultimate purpose of interviewing is to make a judgment about how the candidate would perform in your company’s environment. This is at odds with how performance reviews are done after a candidate joins. While you need to avoid the “potential” trap in performance reviews, when hiring, you must judge potential contribution. Within the hour or so at your disposal, you must move between the world of the past employer and your own, and project the candidate’s future performance in a new environment based on their own description of past performance. </span><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>This managerial task is clearly tricky and high-risk, but unfortunately unavoidable.</span> <span>So in the end careful interviewing doesn’t guarantee you anything, it merely increases your odds of getting lucky - It increases the probability of the candidate being successful in your company </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">Ultimately, though you would like to avoid <i>false negatives </i>and not miss out on great candidate, focussing on avoiding and managing <i>false positives</i> should be the goal of the hiring process</span></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b>At a high level, </b></span></div>
<ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Hiring is the highest leverage activity that you can do as a manager</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Hiring is manager's responsibility</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>You should come out of every interview with a clear sense of whether the person could improve the probability of your company’s success.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Great interviewing is work. It takes time to prepare, conduct the interview and then de-brief in an effective way. If you don’t want to do the work, don’t interview.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>You should always take copious notes during interviews so you can make a cogent argument for or against a candidate.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>In most cases, the “best and the brightest” already have jobs, so you’re really just on the lookout for the best available. Plus there’s no way to prove that your hiring process resulted in the right people because you can’t A/B test hiring decisions.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Always strive to hire superstars but realise that not all hires need to “walk on water.” This person should be better along some dimensions than a majority of the current staff and have the potential to have a long-term impact.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>You want to hire people who are smart, that get stuff done and have the functional set of skills you need for the role.</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;">What to look for (and the Mindset)?</b></div>
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<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span><i>You have to know what Excellent looks like</i></span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Hire for strength, not apparent lack of weakness</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Look for excellence in what they do - excellent coding is a must, look for depth and tools</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Look for impact</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Look for learning, drive, energy and enthusiasm apart from talent</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Do not hire with hope - Be aware of the margin for error</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Ask how the candidate is better than us and what can we learn from them.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Are we excited about candidate and would be disappointed to lose them?</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;">Beware of Bias </b></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;">These are some of the do's and dont's, pay attention so that you avoid the pitfalls</span></div>
<span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;"> <span> <span> <span> </span></span></span></span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Dont</b><br /></span><ul style="text-align: left;"><ul style="list-style-type: disc;"><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span><span style="color: #38761d;">Anchoring / Halo / Horns: </span>tendency to rely heavily on one data point while making a decision (CGPA, College) </span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span><span style="color: #38761d;">Bandwagon effect:</span> Everyone follows the group's hiring decisions</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span><span style="color: #38761d;">Ostrich effect</span>: Ignoring red flags during the interview process</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span><span style="color: #38761d;">Outcome bias</span>: To avoid it, focus on the process and criteria instead of the end result</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span><span style="color: #38761d;">Stereotype</span>: racism, sexism </span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Inferior / Superior perceptions of the interviewer: </span><i>To avoid it, Ensure A hires A (they have nothing to fear and are confident of their abilities)</i></span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span><span style="color: #38761d;">Overconfidence</span>: Interviewer's subjective confidence that their judgment is greater than their objective accuracy.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span><span style="color: #38761d;">Confirmation bias</span>: Making perceptions in the first few minutes</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Intuition: </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">Relying on vague feelings instead of concrete facts</span></li></ul></ul><b style="font-family: verdana;">Do</b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><ul style="list-style-type: disc;"><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Make hiring decisions based on evidence rather than on subjective assumptions.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Be consistent and transparent in your hiring process.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Have multiple panelists (diverse preferably)</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Shadow interviews and give feedback during debrief process</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Once you form an initial impression of someone - which usually happens within the first 60 seconds - beware of the confirmation bias and try invalidating it.</span></li></ul></ul><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b>Be aware of your Evaluation criteria</b></span></div>
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<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span><span style="color: #38761d;">Distinguish between good and great answers:</span> know extension points and follow up questions </span></li>
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<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Your whole team should sit down and discuss what’s a good coding question, what’s a good answer and why you should use this one.”</span></li></ul></ul>
</div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Creative and in-depth answers indicate the thought process of the <span> </span>candidate. For example,</span></span></p></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span>Q: </span></span>Is a leader born or made?</span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span>A: </span></span>I am persuaded that a leader is not made in one life. He has to be born for it. For the difficulty </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">is not in organisation and making plans; the test, the real test of the leader, lies in holding widely different people together along the line of their common sympathies. And this can only be done unconsciously, never by trying - Swami Vivekananda</span></div></blockquote><div><ul>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Learn to validate a resume: </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">How to read a resume, identify the areas worth deep diving, and determining how to probe into them.</span></li></ul>
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<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Great interview questions focus on specific examples of the candidate’s unique contributions, actions, decisions and impact, </span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Ask</span>: </span></li><ul><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">unique contributions, actions, decisions and impact</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Probe: who, what, where, when, why and how on every accomplishment or project</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Differentiate: we vs. I, good vs. great, exposure vs. expertise, participant vs. owner/leader, depth vs breadth</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Differentiate between glib talker vs person with substance</span></li></ul></ul>
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<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span><span style="color: #38761d;">STAR questions</span>: Look for past projects and accomplishments that seem to have enough weight and depth so that you can apply STAR questions — STAR stands for situation, task, actions and results.</span></li></ul><ul>
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<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What was the background of what you were working on?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What tasks were you given?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What actions did you take?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What results did you measure?</span></li></ul></ul>
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<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span><span style="color: #38761d;">Learn to ask structured questions:</span> Idea is to understand at what level the candidate is operating.</span></li>
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<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>In your experience, what is the key to developing a good team?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What do you look for when hiring a candidate?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>What would you have done differently at your last company if you had been CEO?</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Tell me about a time your behaviour had a positive impact on your team.</span></li></ul></ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Give allowance that a candidate might have a bad day</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Do not ask questions which are usually not a test of fitment to a job</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Do not ask for things that can be Googled</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Look for the questions the candidates ask? Do they just need a job or are they curious about your company</span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">"What is the most technically challenging software problem your company is facing right now?"</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">"What would you expect me to accomplish in my first 90 days?"</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">"How will my performance be evaluated?"</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">"How do your best employees grow within the organisation?"</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">"What is your company's short-term / long-term business strategy? What is your competitive advantage?"</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">"What do you (the manager) love most about your job?"</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">"What are your company's biggest weaknesses? How do you intend to improve on them?"</span></li></ul></ul><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b>Some Tips</b></span></div>
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<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>“Tell me about your background” is not a useful question for a Tech interview. It's an invitation to digress and ramble</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">If the interview lands up in a unintended place, it's an indication of under preparation and lack of moderation to avoid digression</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Pick specifics out of a resume to determine what the candidate actually did. Remember, you want people who gets stuff done. Period.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Probe when you see a resume with a long list of skills. Separate the truth from filler.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Don’t “try out” new questions on candidates. Know what a good answer sounds like.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Make sure you have them write code! This is too often skipped.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Dig into algorithms, data structures, code organisation, simplicity.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Use some questions that are vague and open-ended. See if they ask you questions to find out more.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Ask a design question. See how people think about a bigger picture problem.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Create core competences for your company. Make sure candidates measure up well.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Make it tough but fun. Good developers want to know they’re talking to smart folks.</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: verdana;"><b><span>Finally</span>,</b></span></div>
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<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Care for candidate experience.</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Calm the nerves for the candidate before you start the interview. Ensure they aren’t nervous or intimidated</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Prepare precise questioning and structure, so that the answer can be evaluated predictably</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Allocate specific time / day so that you and your team doesn’t get randomised with interviews</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span><span>Hiring speed is important: Remember, the candidate is interviewing elsewhere</span></span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Have referral checks. In fact they should have a lot of weightage (particularly the blind referrals)</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Have post offer engagement and keep in touch. Offer: Join ratio is usually is 3:1, you wan’t to reduce it.</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Have a kick-ass on-boarding plan to integrate the candidate into your environment</span></li>
<li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Evaluate your Hiring process 3 - 6 months with HR after the candidate joins and make change to reduce false positives</span></li><li style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Evaluate your team's interviewing proficiency. This is important for assembling a great team.</span></li></ul></div>Suresh Lakshmananhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12509393443138066518noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-408569468531296822.post-16291698513477723292021-03-25T00:13:00.024-07:002021-03-30T19:18:56.567-07:00On Complexity<h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;">Complex system</span></b></h2><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The main idea behind complex systems is that the ensemble behaves in ways not predicted by its components. The interactions matter more than the nature of the units. One cannot perform reductionism.By definition they are chaotic and random. There are myriad interactions and what appears out of it should simply be seen as is without naive explanations. These are multi-dimensional systems interacting at various levels. Finding order or explanation in this is a fools errand.</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">By definition it is not possible to discern Causality in a complex system. Consequently, we cannot make any prediction and any attempt to predict is <i>Fooled by Randomness (FBR)</i></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;">Some complex systems</b></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Brain, Mind</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Human body, </span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Macroeconomics, </span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Universe, </span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Financial markets, </span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Ecosystem</span></li></ul><span style="font-family: verdana;">These have properties such as such as <i>nonlinearity, emergence, spontaneous order, adaptation, and feedback loops</i>, among others which are observed but cannot be explained</span><div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: verdana;"><b>Guidelines on dealing with Complex systems</b></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: verdana;">Beware of the Bull Shitter</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Anyone claiming to know / predict / theorise in complex systems is a bull shitter because no one knows causality. Without understanding causality, prediction is farcical. So, beware of anyone making predictive statements in this area. They don't know anything. You can treat those predictions as pure entertainment, otherwise they are useless</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: verdana;">Do not intervene with a complex system</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Why? Because you don't have a clue as to what's happening. You might disturb the intricate balance. Taleb fondly calls them as Interventionistas because they don't have a frigging clue but still want to intervene. More importantly they don't have skin in the game</span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="font-family: verdana; white-space: pre;"> </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: verdana;">Look for Survival a.k.a Lindy Effect</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The only lessons you can draw from a complex system is to look at something that has Survived. It's a sure indication that it's doing something correct to survive in a complex system in which it exists. Otherwise it would have become extinct. Lindy effect is in the risk dimension, not the truth dimension.</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">"Not everything that happens happens for a reason, but everything that survives survives for a reason" -- Taleb</span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: verdana;">Understand Ecological Rationality</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Taleb argues many supposedly irrational beliefs in a complex system and behaviours may have an 'ecological rationality', that is they are rational when viewed in terms of the environment they exist in.</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Rather than purely looking at things as true/not true, as the naïve rationalist does, we should look at behaviours through the lens of pay-off. When we view things this way, the world becomes a different place - 'irrational' things can become rational when we consider their outcome. </span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">An action, superstition or attitude that reduces harm either to oneself or to a collective is arguably entirely rational, even if it seems illogical or ridiculous. </span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">He argues there must be benefits of irrational long-lasting beliefs otherwise they would have died out.</span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: verdana;">Beware of the Black Swan </span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Platonification (When people, especially the learned and authoritative, create categories and oversimplify) missing central but hidden elements of a thing in the process of transforming it into an abstract construct, then causing a blowup. This is because of our inherent nature to simplify, categorise and explain everything. </span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Devil is in the details and the complex interactions. Simplfying a complex system is to miss its intricacies and be ruined when a rare event happens. Not understanding the stressors of a complex system, removing, reducing and simplifying is an invitation for trouble</span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: verdana;">Look for Skin in the Game</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Arm chair analysts do not have any skin in the game. If you want to understand financial markets - go talk to a trader who lives in that unpredictable system and has to systematically avoid ruin. He cannot form fancy theories, discern patterns and use unbaked ideas because a single mistake can cause ruin. </span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Anyone else who doesn't have Skin in the Game, who hasn't faced systematic ruin and survived are removed from ground reality. Their opinions are worthless</span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: verdana;">Look for Antifragility</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Antifragility is the property of all those natural (and complex) systems that have survived, It is far easier to figure out if something is fragile than to predict the occurrence of an event that may harm it. That is the only reasonable thing that we can do in an unpredictable world. </span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i>It's about Non Prediction</i> - we can build a systematic and broad guide to non-predictive decision making under uncertainty in business, politics, medicine, and life in general— anywhere the unknown preponderates, any situation in which there is randomness, unpredictability, opacity, or incomplete understanding of things.</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This is important ... don't try to predict / theorise in a complex system. Try and be Anti Fragile. Anything that has more upside than downside from random events (or certain shocks) is anti-fragile; the reverse is fragile.</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The mother of all Anti Fragility is given by the Sages: The external world is a bitch and completely random. You can't predict or make sense of it and more likely you will get an oddball. 'So, take your mind off it; strengthen your mind to not depend on it and make sense of it. Otherwise, you will be only deluding yourself and unprepared when the oddball arrives'. </span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">That is the only reasonable thing to do with the world.</span></p><p style="font-size: 13px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: verdana;">Approach via Negativa</span></p><div><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">This is very important. Why?</span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Addition to a complex system is intervention. Without knowing causality, it's asking for trouble. You don't know the outcome. While avoidance is simply not messing with the existing system and a more robust way of handling the situation. </span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">The Golden rule approached via Negativa is the best</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">"Do <i><b>not</b></i> treat others in ways that you would <i><b>not</b></i> like to be treated" rather than </span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">"Treat others as you would like others to treat you"</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">If you get this, you get the concept</span></p><p style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></p></div><div><br /></div></div>Suresh Lakshmananhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12509393443138066518noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-408569468531296822.post-46111621663906024212021-03-23T19:57:00.011-07:002021-03-25T22:12:03.663-07:00On Reality and Truth<p> </p>
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Over the years, i've had many conversations with various people on the nature of reality and truth. <br><br>
What i've found is that people look at it from various directions with differing assumptions. I've tried to arrange the view points and the assumptions therein. <br><br>
I've expanded a bit on Advaita (which is my position) on why it provides a Unified Theory of Reality as it exists now.
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Suresh Lakshmananhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12509393443138066518noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-408569468531296822.post-52997773087909106462020-08-28T05:58:00.008-07:002020-08-29T07:07:21.925-07:00Parenting (Excerpts from MindSet: Carol Dweck)<iframe src="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1OwZDIWJV6Va4B1QKIJSAbw6dkQBeYEN3/preview" width="640" height="480"></iframe>Suresh Lakshmananhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12509393443138066518noreply@blogger.com0